Jeoloji Münendisliği Dergisi

Manganese Mineralizations in Turkey: Processes of Formation and Types

ABSTRACT: Mangenese mineralizations in Turkey are divided into four main groups according to their age spans,hostjocks, processes of formation and mineralogical-chemical-textural features, The frist is hydrothermal and rare hydrogenetic type manganese mineralization which are associated with chiefly radiolarian chert series. These deposits that havve high Mn-Si and low Al-Fe content occur as lenses and small thin beds in the epiophiolitic sediments of Paleotethyan, Karakaya, North Anatolian (Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan) and South Anatolian suture belts. These mineralizations are mainly small but most widley distributed group of manganese ores, CayMi is the most distinctive deposit of a chert hosted type. The second is black shale hosted manganese mineralizations that take place in the black shale horizon within the carbonates of Lower Cretaceous age in Western Taurides. These deposits are represented by relatively large reservs and are composed of rhodoçchrosite and its oxidizing products. Most typical deposits of the black shale hosted type are located in Ulukent-Denizli and its southern region, Fe contents of these deposits are higher than chert hosted deposits, whereas Al and Si are low. The third is volcanic arc hosted ores along the Black Sea coast occur in diffeternt types of metasomatic, hydro» thermal and stratabaund settings. Rock associations include dacitic tuff, reddish limestone, marl and hemipelagic claystone alternations ou Upper Cretaceous, The most important deposits of the region are locatad at Ocakli, Topkirazlar, Ebuhemjin and Guce. The Fourth is the post-tectonic sedimentary hosted ores in the Thrace Basin, These deposits are similar to those of the Oligocène Belt that occurs along the west coast of Black Sea, which includes the Chiatura, Nikopol, Varna deposits. Inverselyy gradad pisolitic ore was formed by early diagenetic processes during transgression regression cycles