Smallscale Karstic Surface Features (Karren)
ABSTRACT: Karren (or lapies) is a general term, describing small-scale (< 10 m) karstic surface features.They are common on limestone surfaces. The main types of karrens are solution flutes (rillenkarren),trittkarren (heelprints), solution runnels (rinnenkarren, rundkarren, meanderkarren), spitzkarren(solution spikes, pinnacle karren), kluftkarren (solution slots, grikes), solution pan (kamenitza, tinajita)and solution pit (or hollow). They form by dissolution from surface water or water-sheets as solutionflutes, trittkarren, and solution pans, from channelized water as solution runnels, from enlargement ofstructural weakness as kluftkarren, from draining water along roots as solution pit, and from massiverocks between discontinuities as spitzkarren. The dissolution process develops on bare rocks or beneatha thin surface cover (soil, snow).