TMMOBABSTRACT: The Muğla-Yatağan marbles occur in different, stratigraphie levels of cover schists of theMenderes massif. Although various marbles are found, in the cover schist» only two of them (Kestanecik andKozağaç Marbles) are the most important deposits for the region and Turkey becouse of qualities, reserves»production amounts and. potential.Permi» aged the Kestanecik marble outcrops in. the metamorphic schists. It lies in NE-SW direction.aproximately 4 km in length and has 50-150 m thickness. It has a white colour and occasionally purpleveins. The marble consists of calcite, dolomite crystals changing between 600-700 microns in sizes and themarble are cut by purple veins which is composed of manganocalcite, rhodocrosite and pyrolusitc minerals.Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous aged the Kozağaç marble extends E-W and NE-SW directions aproximately 40 km. in length. The marble has thick, beddings and are white and grayish, white in colour. ît contain totally calcite. Calcite crystals are ranging between 1-2 mm in size is found in granoblastic texture,Muğla-Yatağan marble provence has geologically billions m3 block marble reserves. Annually 25 000m3 block marbles are produced in both of the Kestanecik and the Kozağaç marble areas
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the regional distribution and. geocbemical characteristics of the Cenozoic volcanism of Thrace that commenced in Upper Eocene continuing intermittently until the end of Pliocene.The volcanic rocks of the region that Upper Eocene-Upper Oligocène aged, originated along a collision zone,.are of calcalkaline to high potassic calcalkaline affinities. The volcanism of the period of Upper Miocene isoriginated from.», the mantle, with considerable erustai contamination, and they are shoshonitic affinity., A basaltic volcanism originated from the mantle, of alkaline offinity occurred during the Pliocene constitutingthe final stages of Cenozoic activity in Thrace
ABSTRACT: The turbidity and less flow rate of Taşdelen and Karakulak springs in Istanbul are the most important problems occuring time by time. To establish the reasons of these problems» hydrogeoîogy of the vicinity and the water catchments of these springs have in vestigated. As the result of this investigation» too small distance between topographical surface and underground discharge points and also, the insufficient enviromental arrangements at the water catchment areas are established to be main reasons of the problem, The most available and practicable solutions taking into account the main reasons of problem have been pro posed in this paper
ABSTRACT: In Ms study» the organic faciès classification is done on the Maastrichtian Ulupınar formation located around northwestern of Levent (Akçadağ-Malatya),. This formation consist conglomerate, sandstone, sandy marl, mari interbedded with sandstone and reef limestone rich in rudisL As a result from the Rock- Eval pyrolsis and total organic carbon analysis of the selected samples, this formation is equivalent to CD ve D organic faci.es (Jones, 1987). These organic matters are not important hydrocarbon potential.
ABSTRACT: Two different, earthquakes, which caused, severe damage and many casualties occurred in the NW part, of the Erzincan basin and in fte SE part: of the basin on March. 13 (Ms= 6.8) and 15, (Ms= 6.1) 1992, respectively. According, to the official numbers, the magnitude 6.8 Erzincan earthquake .resulted in 653 deaths, 3850 injures, 7013 heavily and 11796 slightly damaged houses. The epicenter of the earthquake of March 13,1992 located between» Yalnızbağ and Günebakan villages located, in the NW part, of the basin. The epicenter of the .another earthquake (Ms= 6.1) located between. Çağlayan and Pülümür in the SE part of the basin where the northern and southern segments of the NAF in that region make a step to the right. Geologic and seismologic data indicate that the earthquake ruptured a 45 km long segment of the NAF to a depth of 29 km. The ruptured section represents the easternmost part of the earthquake of December 26, 1939 (M= 7.9). Relative displacement of the earthquake of March 13 varies, from a few centimeters to 20 cm right lateral and up to 25 cm of throw. We determined 16 km of focal depth for the Pülümür earthquake of March 15. A clear1 surface faulting was. not observed on the ground surface due to` deep focal depth of the earthquake, thick, and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits accumulated in the basin. Surface ruptures developed, as discontinuous, a few hundred meters long and generally secoodary cracks, resulted, from seismic shaking. We observed strike-slip faulting with small reverse component in `the NW` part of the basin. In contrast to, tensional cracks formed in the- SE part of the basin. No crack was. observed, in the southern segment of the NAF extending; from Çağlayan to the eastward. Seismic shaking was locally amplified, Significant, amplification occurred in areas of unconsolidated deposits. coosisting of .alternation, of sand, gravel, and. clay layers,.. Gorund motion obtained from, this earthquake has. been. the stroogerst motion, that recorded so far,, in Turkey. Peak, accelerations were recorded, .as 0.5 g, 0.4 g .and 0.25 g in the directions of E-W, N-S and. vertical, respectively. The maximum, intensity of the Erzincan earthquake shown in the Isoseismic map was assigned as MSK VIII and this, value was compatible with data, of instrumental epicenter. Strong ground motions during the earthquake -triggered many landslides in areas of road cutting, filling grounds » unstable steep slopes and water-saturated grounds. Liquefaction and small-sized sand volcanoes were observed on the both sides of the Fırat River., A total of 6.000- aftershocks were recorded within, three months, after the main shock. The- number of aftershocks gradually decreased with time after the main shock. These aftershocks concentrated in two different places of the basin corresponding to their epiceotral regions of both earthquakes. These aftershocks concentrated in two different laces, of the basin corresponding to` their epiceotral regions of both earthquakes. These afterchocks migrated from the NW` side to the SE side of the basin, along the fault. The- focal depth of afterchocks vary from 5 km to 10 km. Both main shocks lie at the bottom of the aftershocks distribution. In many ways, the Erzincan earthquake of March 13,1992- is very similar to the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17,1989 (M= 7.1) that ruptured a 40 km long regment of the San Andreas Fault to a depth of 18 km. and amounted to 180 cm horizontal and 120 cm vertical displacements,.,
ABSTRACT: In this study Markov chain analysis is applied to lignite bearing Zirnak Fonnation which is of Pliocene age and is located at Eastern Anatolia. It is composed of mainly conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, limestone and locally tuff agglomerate and lignite `beds. In order to apply Markov chain analysis lignite, tuff, claystone, and siltstone litofacies and their successions are counted from 5 drilling cores of Zirnak Formation. Independent trials probability, transition, probability, and difference matrixes are derived from this raw data. Litofacies relationships and transitions have statistically been described and iotrepreted. As a result; lignite-claystone and claystone-lignite transitions are similar to lignite-tuff ani-tuff-lignite transitions. The relationships between the formation of lignite and occurrence tuff have been found statistically.
ABSTRACT: The iron ore deposits in the studied area appear in the Elmalı volcanite member or at the contact between this vulcanites and Aktaştepe limestone member of the Upper Senonian-Paleocene aged Çiftehan complex. The dominant mineral, of the iron deposits is magnetite. Magnetite is accompanied in lesser or trace amounts by chalcoyprite» cobaltite, pyrite, bravoite, linnaeite, bornite» millerite, sphalerite, galena, ilmenite» rutile» sphen, anatas, hematite, neodiganite, braunite, oovellite, native gold/electrum, clabrodite, bismutinite and aikinite, `The common gangue mineral is epidote,. Quartz, garnet, pyroxene, amphibol, clorite, cordierite, actinolite and tremolite are the other observed gangue minerals. Ore mineralization can be divided five phases according to cross-cutting, replacement and seperation on inclusion features of the minerals. The iron deposits occuring in scam zones are of contact-metasomatic origine. The mineralization is due to solution derived from plutonic rocks with monsonitic and dioritic compositions. The age of the iron ores is Upper Senonian-Paleocene. The total reserve of the iron deposits in the area is about 200 0001.
ABSTRACT: There are two hypothesis about the origin of red beds, The first one contends that the hematite is detritally derived, from lateritic soils. The second one espouses the view that the hematite is formed aufhigenically from alteration, of iron bearing minerals. It has been observed that recent sediments from arid and tropical climate arc not red. They redden with, time and the degree of reddening take place with, post deposilional processes rather than predcpositional processes. Any iron bearing mineral is a potential, source for hematite pigment. However, the formation and preservation of red beds takes place if the chemistry of the interstatial environment is suitable.. Red beds by itself should, not be used as climate indicator. In. order to make an interpretation about the climate during deposition, the flora, fauna and relations of red beds with, the eolian sandstone and evaporite should be searched.
ABSTRACT: A history of anomolous crustal motion precedes major earthquakes. Grustal movements prior to the Kanto (1930; M = 6.9), Nigate (1964; M = 7.0) and Izu-Oshima (1978; M = 6.8) earthquakes in Japan and the Tangshan (1.976; M = 7.8), Haicheng (1976; M = 8.0) and Songpan (1976; M = 7.2) erathquak.es in China are only a few examples. Similar movements have also been reported in Southern California. Experimental studies suggest rock deformation under simulated crustal conditions produces a combination of elastic and inelastic volume dilatancy. Field evidence for gravity decrease, water expulsion and radon emission in seismic regions suggests a mode- of volume dilatancy occur during precursory stages of major earthquakes. Preseismic cmstal movements can therefore be interpreted as surficial expressions of volume dilatancy at subcrustal levels in a `slip-deficient seismic zone.
ABSTRACT: The study area located in the Taurides Karst Belt and composed of almost all carbonate rocks. Limestones and dolomites identify as soluble rock units, whereas the sandstone-quartzite and claystone- siltstone identify unsoluble rock units. All these rocks contain various closed drainage areas in densely karstificated regions with numerically identified, linear and areal properties. The different pétrographie properties and chemical compositions of the dolomites, and the microsparitic- micritic-sparitic limestones, as found in the relative solubility experiments, which suggest that gives diagenesis took place in the different steps and relatively soluble scale. The primary porosities aqd permeabilities of these rocks do not practically exist. Under the light of al collected data, the effect of karstification parameteres on. the properties of types and dimensions of the karst landforms in the limestones and dolomites have been investigated in the study area, .and also, a karstification model is suggested, the explanation of development of the karstification in regional scale.
ABSTRACT: In the Bolucan (Zara-Sivas) region, `The Selimiye formation which is Oligocène in age, is composed of gypsium, sandstone, marl and dolomitized limestones. The sandstones are the dominant components of this formation. The sedimentary petrological characteristics of these sandstones have been investigated by using their light, heavy and clay mineral analysis. Chlorite, pyroxcene, biotite, muscovite and heavy mineral such as iron oxide rich opac minerals have been defined as gieywacke, rock fragmented sandstone and litfaic arenite perspectively according to the triangular classification diagrams of Van, Andel (1958) Travis (1970) and Folk et al (1970). In the clastic petrafaci.es classifications of Dickinson and Suczek (1979) and Dickinson (1982), mixed and recycled, provenance and orogen sources have been observed
ABSTRACT: Çambaşı dam, site is located on `the river of Solaklı, 7 km south of Çaykara town in `the province of Trabzon. Foundation rock of the dam site is metabasalt. In this investigation, lithological, structural, physical., mechanical and. elastic properties of this metabasalt have been determined on the basis of field and laboratory works. Using the results obtained from the field, and. laboratory investigations, the metabasalt has been classified for various engineering purposes. According to these classifications, it is generally medium and well in quality, densely jointed, low in porosity, stiff .and very stiff, semi and. poorly permeable, higiy and extremely strong and average modulus ratio. In edition, the discontinuities in the metabasalt arc intermediately and vide apeitured, and their surfaces are sligth and medium in roughness. There are generally linear relations among physical, mechanical and elastic characteristics of the metabasalt. Maximum anisottopy values computed through these properties show that it can be accepted as isotropic in nature.