TMMOB
Caliche Formation and Features
Caliche
calcium carbonate
diagenetic mineral
per descensum (pedogenetic) model
capillary rise (groundwater) model
Aristarain, L. F., 1970. Chemical analyses of caliche profiles from the high plains, New Mexico. Journal ofGeology, 78,201-212
Demicco, R.V. and Hardie, L.A., 1994. Sedimentary structures and early diagenetic features of shallow marine carbonate deposits. SEPM Atlas Series 1, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 265 p.
Eren, M., Kadir, S., Hatipoğlu, Z., ve Gül., M., 2004. Mersin yöresinde kaliş gelişimi. TÜBİTAK Projesi YDABAG-102Y036, 136 s., (Yayınlanmamış).
Esteban, M. and Klappa, C.F., 1983. Subaerial exposure environment. In: Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., and Moore, C.H., (eds.), Carbonate Depositional Environments, Association of American Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, Tulsa, Oklahoma, p. 1-54.
Goudie, A. S., 1973. Duricrusts in Tropical and Subtropical Landscapes. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 174p.
Goudie, A. S., 1983. Calcrete. In: Goudie, A.S. and Pye, K., (eds.), Chemical sediments and geomorphology. Academic Press, London, p.93-131.
Goudie, A. S., 1996. Organic agency in calcrete development. Journal of Arid Environment, 32,103-110.
James, N.P. and Choquette, P.W., 1984. Diagenesis 9. Limestones- The meteoric diagenetic environment. Geoscience Canada 11,161-194.
Klappa, C.F., 1980. Rhizoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance. Sedimentology, 27,613-629.
Machette, M.N., 1985. Calcic soils of the southwestern United States. Geological Society of America, Special Paper No. 203, 1-21.
Semeniuk, V., and Meagher, T.D., 1981. Calcrete in Quaternary coastal dunes in South western Australia: a capillary-rise phenomenon associated with plants. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51,47-68.
Tucker, M.E., and Wright, V.P., 1990. Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwells, Oxford, 482 p.
Tucker, M.E., 1991. Sedimentary petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 260 p.
Watts, N.L., 1980. Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (Southern Africa): mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis. Sedimentology, 27,661-686
Wright, V.P., 1990. A micromorphological classification of fossil and recent calcic and petrocalcic microstructures. In: Douglas, L.A. (ed.), Soil Micromorphology: A Basic and Applied Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, v. 19, 401-
Wright, V. P., and Tucker, M. E. (Eds.), 1991. Calcretes. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 351 p.
ABSTRACT: Caliche is a general term that describes a secondary carbonate accumulation in unconsolidated sediments, sedimentary rocks and soils under semi-arid and arid climate conditions. Caliches are composed dominantly of small calcite crystals in micrite (< 4 m) and microsparite (5-15 m) size. Small amount of diagenetic minerals such as sepiolite, palygorskite, magnesium calcite and dolomite etc. are associated with calcium carbonate (low Mg-calcite) occurrences. Caliche appears in a variety of forms such as chalky powdery, nodular, tubular, laminated crust, hardpan (indurated crust). In caliche, macroscopic rhizolithic structures and microscopic alfa and beta fabric constituents are common. Two main hypotheses which explain the origin of caliche. These are; (a) downward movement of dissolved CaCO3 (per descensum; pedogenetic); and (b) capillary rise from groundwater (per ascensum; groundwater) models. During calicheformation, calcium is providedfrom varied sources.
The Role of Structural Features in the Development of Karren: East of Kızılörü Mountain (Korkuteli-Antalya)
Western Taurides
Fracture
Limestone
Karren
Bener, M., 1965. Göksu vadisi ve Taşeli Platolarında karst. İstanbul Üniversitesi. Coğrafya Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Doktora Tezi, 333 s. (yayımlanmamış), İstanbul.
Bögli, A., 196O.Kalklösungund karrenbildung. Zeitschrift für Geomorph. Supp. 2, Internationale Beitrâge zur Karstmorphologie, 4-21.
Dayan, E., Bilgin, A, Hançer, M., 1999. Karst landforms on the eastern slopes of Davras Dagi (Western Taurus): Karren, sinkholes and uvalas. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 43,321-340.
Erinç, S., 2001, Jeomorfoloji II ( 3. basım), Der Yayınlan: 294, İstanbul, 483 s.
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Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W., 1989. Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London 601 s.
Güldah, N., 1970. Karstmorphologische Studien im Gebiet des Poljesystems von Kestel (Westlischer Taurus, Türkei). Tübinger, Geogr. Studien, H. 40,104 s.
Güldah, N., 1972. Korkuteli-Bucak çevresinde lapya ve dolin çeşitleri ve bunların gelişmeleri. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 4 (4), 81- 98.
Günay Y., Bölükbaşı, A. S ve Yoldemir, O., 1982. Beydağlannın stratigrafisi ve yapısı. Türkiye Altıncı Petrol Kongresi ve Tebliğleri, Nisan 1982, Ankara, 91-101.
Güneysu, A. C., 1993. Kovada gölü doğusunun (İsparta) karst jeomorfolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve Coğrafya Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Doktora Tezi, 209 s (yayımlanmamış)
Jennings, J. N., 1971. Karst. The M.I.T. Press., Cabridge, Massaschussetts and London, 352 s.
Karaman, M. E., 1996. Temel Yapısal Jeoloji ve Uygulamaları. Devran Matbaacılık, Ankara, 336 s.
Keser, N., 1996. Kalkan-Kaş-Taşdibi arasının jeomorfolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Doktora Tezi, 231 s (yayımlanmamış)
Koçak, I., 1991. Şarkikaraağaç Güneydoğusunun Karst Jeomorfolojisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya, 76 s. (Yayımlanmamış)
Koçak, İ., 2000. Kırkgöz kaynaklan (Antalya) ve yakın çevresinin karst jeomorfolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Fiziki Coğrafya Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 359 s (yayımlanmamış)
Koçak, İ., 2003. Döşemealtı platosu kuzeybatısında (Antalya) karst-orman tahribatı ilişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Burdur Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (5), 129-146.
Nazik, L., 1988. Beyşehir Gölü Yakın Güneyi Karst Jeomorfolojisi ve Karstik Parametrelerin İncelenmesi. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 14, 65-77.
Nazik, L., 1992. Beyşehir gölü güneybatısı ile Kembos polyesi arasının karst jeomorfolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Doktora Tezi, 298 s (yayımlanmamış)
Öztaş, T., 1989. Mersin-Taşucu-Boğsak kaynağı ve dolayının karst hidrojeolojisi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Doktora Tezi, 138 s (yayımlanmamış)
Poisson, A., 1977. Recherces geologiques dans les Taurides occidentales (Turquie). These d` Etat Univ., Aris sud (Orsay), No: 1902, 795 s.
Sweeting, M. M., 1973. Karst Landforms. The Macmillan Press. Ltd., London, 362 s.
Şenel, M., 1984. Discussion on the Antalya nappes, Geology of the Taurus Belt, Proc. Int. Sym., O. Tekeli, and M. C. Göncüoğlu (eds), Ankara, 41-51.
Şenel, M., 1997b. 1:250 000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları. No:4, İsparta Paftası, MTA Yayınlan, Ankara, 47 s.
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Şenel, M., Selçuk, H., Bilgin, Z. R., Şen, A. M., Karaman, T, Dinçer, M. A., Durukan, E., Arbaş, A., Örçen, S. ve Bilgi, C., 1989. Çameli (Denizli) -Yeşilova (Burdur) - Elmalı (Antalya) ve dolayının jeolojisi. MTA Enstitüsü, Rapor No: 9429, Ankara, 3
Yalçınkaya, S., Ergin, A., Afşar, Ö. P., Dalkılıç, H., Taner, K. ve Özgönül., E., 1986, Batı Toroslarm jeoloji raporu. MTA Enstitüsü, Rapor No: 7898, Ankara, 132 s (yayınlanmamış)
ABSTRACT: Karren observed in the area to the east of Kızılörü Mountain located in the northwest of Antalya has been formed on Jurassic-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) neritic limestones, In order to show the relationship of karren with the structural features, the main development directions of karren and the deviations of fracturesfrom the north have been measured in thefield and the data obtained have been evaluated by transferring them in to rose diagrams. In the rose diagrams prepared, between the dominant direction of circular karren and orientation ofp rimary and secondary fractures in the NE-SW directions a great harmony was observed. The relations between the primary and secondary dominant directions of the hydrodynamically controlled linear karren and dominant fracture orientations were significantly weak. Solutions pits and solutions pans are in larger scalefracture controlled while rillenkarren and rinnenkarren have a hydrodynamically controlled formation and development mechanism
Chemical Contets of Boottled Waters in Turkey and Their Evaluation According to the Health
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Armas, A.B. ve Sutherland, J. P., 1999. A survey of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in the UK and changes occurring during storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 48:59-65.
ASKİ, 2003. Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi Ankara Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi (ASKİ), Ankara İçme Suyu Kalitesi Ortalama Değerleri (Kasım 2003), http://www.aski.gov.tr.
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USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2002. 2002 Edition of The Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. EPA 822-R-02-038, Office of Water, Washington DC., 19 p. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/drinking/ standards/dwstandards.
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ABSTRACT: Increase in bottled water consumption in our country has been observed especially in last decade as in developed countries. A lot off irms have materialized the bottled water production particularly in the industrialized and overpopulated areas in Turkey with the high consumption of the bottled water. The number of bottled water production firm is over 180 in Turkey atp resent. In this study, physical and chemicalparameters oft he bottled waters have been evaluated according to the statistical characteristics. Physical and chemical parameters in the bottled water which are sometimes over the limits can negatively affect the human health. Median values oft he bottled waters` chemical parameters have been compared with the limit values designated by The Ministry of Health and interpretations of the over limit parameters have been realized. On the other hand, concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium and sodium (Na) ions, which are present in the major amounts in the bottled water and necessary for the human body, evaluated statistically and interpretedfrom the point of health. Ca, Mg and Na contents of the bottled and tap waters in Turkey have been compared with Europe and North America`s bottled and tap waters. This comparison has showed that these three minerals contents ofo ur bottled waters are poorer but, tap waters are richer than Europe and North America`s. It is understood that recommended daily intake amount of Ca (800 mg/day) and Mg (350 mg/day) for the body can be obtained by the consumption of2 liters per dayfrom the bottled, tap and mineral water in Turkey in the range of2.5% Ca, 8.8% Ca, 35% Caand 1.4 %Mg, 7.5%Mg, 33%Mg, respectively.
In-Situ Remediation Technologies Appliedfor Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Aquifers
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ABSTRACT: Petroleum hydrocarbons are used to meet a big portion of energy demand that is needed to sustain the human life. Accidental release and leakage of petroleum hydrocarbons may cause groundwater contamination and can have extremely serious consequences from both human and environmental health perspectives. Basically, petroleum hydrocarbons can be divided in two major groups. First group is called light non-aqueous phase liquids which float on water. Second group of petroleum hydrocarbons is called dense non-aqueous phase liquids and they are denser than water. Contaminations caused by light non-aqueous phase liquids can be relatively more easily remediated when compared to dense non-aqueous phase liquids and contaminations caused by dense non-aqueous phase liquids generally require application of more complex remediation technologies. There are different methods exist for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the saturated and unsaturated zones ofthe aquifers. Among these, most frequently used ones are; gas/air injection, soil vapor/gas extraction, directional wells,in-well aeration, dual phase extraction, chemical oxidation, thermal treatment, fracturing enhancement and permeable reactive barrier technologies. Before the application of any method, the most important thing to do is to define aquifer and contaminant characteristics and spatial extent of the contaminant for an effective treatment process. Each one of these methods has several advantages and disadvantages that are resulted directly from properties of the contaminated aquifers. For this reason, in the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifers generally not a single method is used but a combination of two or more methods are appliedfor a more effective treatment.