TMMOBABSTRACT: The construction of a sub-sea tunnel at Boğaz (Bosphorus) has been planned as a submerged funnel If thistunnel is constructed as a submerged tunnel it will be the deepest one in the world and it has many teehnologicall challenging problems. Besides environmental concerns, the adverse geotechnical conditions near Sirkeci onthe European side might present severe stability problems under both static and dynamic loading conditions,, Theauthor has presented an overall view of geology, geotechnical and environmental conditions and seismicity of theconstruction area,, Particularly, it is emphasized, out that the liquefaction of ground in the construction site during an earthquake greater than magnitude 6 may be a big concern for the tunnel It is pointed out that thepresently planned submerged tunnel is not suitable in view of its seismic stability, geotechnical conditions, constructional difficulties, environmental problems and disruptions of both national and- international sea traffics,.Furthermore, the suitability of shield tunnelling as an alternative is discussed ana* compared with that of the submerged tunnel If the sub-sea tunnel is constructed along the planned alignment, it will be better to locate the tunnel in ground, which is more resistant against liquefaction. Under such situation, the overburden of tunnel fromsea-bottom will be 2D or greater.. Since it is not possible to construct submerged, tunnels with such overburden,the shield tunnel should be the best option unless the route and the type of construction is changed...
ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with the basic attributes offitzzy logic, its possible application areas in engineeringgeology and a simple slope stability application, Some uncertainties are inherent to many engineering geological applications. In the literature, two types of uncertainty such as ignorance and variability are described, Someapproaches such as fuzzy logic, probability theory etc are used io minimize thest uncertainties. The fuzzy logic,one of these techniques, is an effective tool to define some uncertainties sourced from ignorances and variabilities, Theoretically, fuzzy rules can be constructed based either an expert knowledge or on a sei of observed ormeasured data. One of the most important stage of fuzzy logic approach is the construction of membership functions. The assumption underlying fuzzy logic theory* is that the transition from membership to non-membershipis seldom a step function. Rather, there is a gradual but specifiable change from membership to non-membership. In crisp set theory, a membership Junction (pa(x)) has only Hvo values (0 and I). In this study, some memberhipJunctions defined in the literature were presented with their graphical illustrations. In order to demonstrate thestrength and use of this approach, a conventional deterministic slope stability analysis incorporated with thefuzzy logic was performed and the results were discussed A wedge failure occurred in the andésites was analyzed and the factor of safety was found as 1.24. However, it was concluded that this result did not reflect theactual condition, This was, most probably due to the uncertainties associated with the measurement of the shearstrength parameters,. Also, the stabiliiy index value was determined. According to the stability index, value thestability class of this slope is fair and the slope is prone to slide.. When performing the fuzzy logic approach, thetriangular membership functions were selected,, because, a triangular members hip function can be defined bv amaximum, a minimum and a mode value, In classical geotechnical studies, if there is no statistically significantdatabase, the use of fuzzy logic approach based on competent judgement can be accepted as an .effective way toeliminate uncertainties.. As a consequence, the fuzzy logic is attracting more and more attention in severalresearch fields because it is able to tolerate a wide range of uncertainty.
ABSTRACT: Thirty surface sediment samples from the Ziqlab Dam area were collected and analyzed for nine: elements (Pb,Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr, and Co). Metal separation was determined by sequential fraction, The fractions are,a) exchangeable, b) carbonate» c) Fe / Mn oxides d) organic, and e) residual. The advantage of using these fractions is to provide the mechanism of association of metals with the minerological phases of the sediments.Concentrations of the elements are within, allowable levels except for1 Pb, Cd. and. Zn and in. some locations Ni.Most of the elements were found to be in the residual fraction which clearly indicates that, these metals are primarily immobile and have or bear the least bioavailability.
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to evaluate the isotopic and chemical composition of the water resources heated inAntalya Travertine Plateau by using cluster and factor analysis.. Major ions (Ca , Mg ., Na , K » Cf» SO4, HCOs+CÖ3~) electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO),,, CO2, total dissolved solid (TDS), partial CO2 pressure (PCO2), saturation index (SI) and environmental isotope values of springs and wells have been used to estimate the similarities and disparities between the water sources.,The use of muitivariate statistical analyses., which allows evaluation of a large amount of parameters,, is veryhelpful in Hydrogeologie analysis of complex groundwater systems. DaUon and Upckurch (1978), Williams(1982), Steinhorst and Williams (1985), Usunoffand Guzman (1989), Reeve et.al (1996),, Helena et.al. (2000),and the others have emphasized the potential use of the muitivariate analysis techniques for the hydrochemicaiinterpretations of the groundwater systems.The study area occupies 630 km . The geological structure and the map of the sampling locations are illustrated on Figure 2., The Antalya. Travertine Plateau has a. stepwise morphology. In the upper step, called, as Upper Plateau, there are many springs discharging from the Mesozoic limestone and the travertine,. The most importantof these springs are the outlets of the Kırkgöz Spring zone discharging from Mesozoic karstic limestone (KGI,KGM, KGO, KGK, KGP). The average discharge rate of these outlets is 15 m/s. The significant springs discharging from the Lower Plateau are Düdenbaşı spring (DUD),, Kemerağzı spring (KMÄ), Mağara spring(MGR), Ârapsuyu spring (ÀRP), and Duraiiler-Oku! spring (DUO). The average discharge rate of the Düdenbaşıspring is 17 m/s, whereas the averages of the other springs are between 0.5-2.5 m /s. Another important springis Hurma spring (HRM) discharging from Antalya Nappes. The other sampling points in the study area are Bıyıklı(BIY) and Yağca (YGC) swallow-holes at the Upper Plateau, Varsak (VAR) deline, `Kapuz river (KPN), Meydanwells (ASO) and the Duraliler pumping station (DUP), at the Lower Plateau. The chemical,, physical and isotopedata values of these sampling points are given in Table !.. The cluster and factor analysis of the environmentalisotopic and hydrochemical data provides the classification of the water sources of the Antalya TravertinePlateau in terms of the ionic composition, the saturation levels and the transit time of the waters.The classification of the standardized isotopic and hydrochemical parameters by cluster analysis is given onFigure 3, while the classification of the water sources with these parameters is given on Figure 4. The parameters are grouped in classes representing i) the major ion composition (TDSr EC, Cd - HCOs +CO£~), ii) thedegree of the saturation with respect to carbonate minerals (SI, pH, DO), and Hi) the source and the age of thewater (isotopes, Cl-3 Temp).. Clustering of the water sources results two distinct classes: Upper Plateau groundwaters and Düdenbaşı springs is located in the same class, while all the other Lower Plateau springs are in thesecond class.. The dotinesfed by Kırkgözler Spring and the Kapuzbaşı surface water are out of these classes.Principal factor analysis provided three principal factors for the processes controlling` the ionic and isotopiccomposition. These are the total dissolved solids, the degree of the saturation with respect to carbonate mineralsand the isotopic composition.. These three factors explain the 95% of the total variance of the parameters.. Thecorrelations of the parameters with the factors are given on Figure 5. The classification with respect to factorsindicated that the Kırgözler and Düdenbaşı springs are characterized by high amount of carbonates,, and highdegree of the carbonate saturation,, and higher recharge areas. On the contrary, the Lower Plateau springs arecharacterized by low amount of carbonates, low saturation levels and lower recharge areas.. The principal factor analysis also revealed that the outlets of the Kırkgöz springs have different recharge areas and different transit times
ABSTRACT: The special environmental protection area,,, covering 266 km area on Umd and 23 km. area- on sea in andaround Fethiye, includes Fethiye., Göcek, İnlice and Kayaköy plains: Surface and graundwaters in the area havebeen investigated and- kydrochemical characteristics of waters were determined using pH, TDK, EC, Na, Kg Ca»Mg, HCOs., CO?, SO4, Cl, NOs ve NH4 parameters in a project supported by the Special Environmental ProtectionAgency of Turkey. These parameters and the quality classes of waters» which were calculated using both irrigation water limits and spring water limits, were evaluated in GIS environment through TNT-MIPS software.Groundwaters in the area are Mg/Ca/Mixed-HCOs type that reflects the chemical interactions betweengroundwaters and litological units., According io spring` water TDS, Cl, N-NO* and SO4 limits, groundwaters arehigh quality or little contaminated, according to irrigation water SAR, %Na, Ci and SO4 limits groundwaters arehigh or good quality` and according to irrigation water EC and Nos limits groundwaters are good or mediumquality,. Two water quality maps were prepared for the area using ail spring water and all irrigation water parameters, separately, assigning` the*,same weight. The quality map of spring water classification suggests that thearea includes quality indexes of 4, 5, and 6 in the range of 4 to 16. The quality map of irrigation water classification suggests that the area includes quality indexes of 7, 8, 9, 1ft and 1.2 in the range of 6 to 30. As a result ofthese applications, it has been concluded that groundwaters in the area are of good quality in terms of the measured parameters.. Koca Göl lake water in on the other hand, is contaminated- by Cl, SO* ve Na ions. Naturalsources of contamination are the sea water that mixes with the lake water and the mineral waters rich in SO* present in vicinity of the lake. Although no pollution has been detected in the groundwaters, there are potential pointcontamination sources in the area.. These are waste disposal sites of the munidpitalities, Eti Holding chromiumprocessing plant, a fertilizer warehouse., and chromium and manganeze mineralizations in the region
ABSTRACT: Assessment of fault: activity forms an important part of any seismic: safety program,. It begins by locating thetraces of existing faults. Fault breaks can be located `by interpretation of aerial photographs, and on the groundmapping, Remote sensing, when conducted together with existing geological and geophysical data, is a relatively fast and cost-effective method., It contributes, enormously to locating the traces of young-looking fault`breaks. Potentially active `faults can generally be recognized by topographic features or by contrast in vegetationreflecting varying groundwater depth or soil differences across the fault: traces. In this method» it is important torecognize fault-generated morphological elements,. Remote sensing is. an effective technique for evaluating thepotentially active faults.. As an example of the application of remote sensing of young faults, the Helendale faultzone in. the Mojave Desert: of southern. California was. studied in detail to detect the fault related topographic features.