TMMOBASTRACT: The landslides in İzmir region occur due to high rainfall, faulting, the presence of highly weathered volcanics as well as large-scale human activities such as road widening, foundation excavations and filling in old creek beds to form building site. All of these activities increase the vulnerability of rock masses to failure or reactivate rock and soil masses which fail due to various reasons mentioned beforehand. The Çiğli Evka-5 landslide is controlled by the faults where the sliding direction of the mass movement coincides with the dip direction of fault. Mass movement which developed on the disturbed hanging wall of the fault occurred in the type of earthflow. A trench/pocket was formed due to the geometries of the normal and reverse faults developed in agglomerate and the flysch base rocks. The relationship between the hanging wall fault pocket and the mechanism of the landslide is investigated in this work. It is also determined that the reverse fault as a geological barrier blocked a possible deep sliding in the area. It was benefitted from the rising block of the reverse fault revealing good rock mass characteristics during the decision phase of the location of proposed piles to prevent the landslide at shallow depth (8-15 m). Subsurface geotechnical investigations in the landslide area included; 12 borings (core drillings) down to 30-70 m from the ground surface, inclinometric readings in 2 borings, and pressuremeter measurements in 3 borings. Slip circle was defined on the basis of inclinometric readings, pressuremeter measurements, core descriptions (geotechnical logging), and geomorphologic structure. The location of the slip surface defined by the measurements and in-situ survey is compared with that of derived from the slope stability analyses.
ÖZ: In this research, engineering properties of Lara-Kundu coastal plain soils and liquefaction potential of thesands in the region have been investigated. For this purpose, samples which were taken at an interval of 1.5 m from 20 boreholes of 20 m depth, were investigated in the laboratory, and soil index, strength and compressibility properties were determined. In situ tests which are SPT and CPT were executed. Dense sand is the main soil type of the region, and also in some parts loose sand, clay and peat are also available. Carrying out seismic hazard analysis, a peak ground acceleration contour map has been generated. Probabilistic liquefaction potential analysis was performed to search for liquefaction potential of sand layers in the soil profile. LSI (Liquefaction Severity Index) value was calculated with the help of PL values which were determined for every depth of the searching location. By using all the data and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technique; liquefaction severity index (LSI) map of the soils of Lara - Kundu Region has been created.
ABTRACT: Baseflow estimation is important for hydrological activities such as water supply, irrigation, river transportation, energy production and groundwater practice. In this study, different methods widely used in the literature for baseflow estimation are applied on streams in the karstic Mediterranean Region. Three methods, the nonlinear baseflow separation, United Kingdom Institute of Hydrology and Recursive Digital Filter, were performed on daily flows of gauging stations in the region and results were compared. It is seen that the calculated baseflow is not far from results of previous case studies available for the study area. However, the nonlinear baseflow separation method is found to be the closest in terms of approaching the results of the previous studies.
ABSTRACT: In general, the rock types; basalt, andesite, altered andesite, tuff, dacite, and marl intercalating with volcanics, have been identified lithologically in the Değirmendere Basin. In the basin, there are many springs with a high carbon dioxide content and total dissolved solids, all of which are related to tectonic lines. Of these, four springs have discharge rates, pH, specific electrical conductivity (SEC) and total dissolved solids (TDS), respectively, 46- 158 ml/sec, 5.32-6.99, 603-1899 μS/cm and 380-1230 mg/l. It is determined that silicate weathering, carbonate weathering and ion-exchange type water-rock interaction processes were effective on the chemical evaluation of the Ca-HCO3 water type springs. The Chloro Alkaline Indices (CAI), which are calculated to explain the ion-exchange, indicated a reverse exchange. Based on δ18O-δ2H correlation, the springs which have a meteoric origin lie on the Eastern Black Sea Metoric Water Line. According to the isotopic values, the chemical composition of the young and shallow circulating springs was developed during circulating to the upper parts of the volcanic rocks where an intense weathering was observed. The concentration of Ba, Sr and Zn are high as in the rocks. Br (0.036-0.070 mg/l) and Cr (0.062 mg/l) values of the springs exceed the limit recommended in the Natural Mineral Water Regulation (2004).
ABSTRACT: The groundwater balance is based on the principle that the water entering and leaving any aquifer considered to be equal over a certain time interval, taking in to account the change in the storage. Groundwater, a renewable resource, is quite complicated in its balances, as the equilibrium conditions take place in very long periods. Surface waters are directly related to current recharge and discharge, while circulating groundwater, is in a different age and even in different climatic conditions in the system and complicate this relationship. Accountings of all the inflows, outflows, and including changes in the future, are called a groundwater budget. Sustainable groundwater management until the 1950s was made with the understanding that the groundwater discharge should not exceed the natural recharge and the permission for groundwater withdrawal is still given by State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) with the same approach. Since the 1980s, this approach has been declared legendary, and the calculation of water retained from discharge and recharge has come to an approach that ignores the recharge. The truth is an approach that takes in to account the decreased discharge and increased recharge in addition to recharge. For a sustainable groundwater development, the well locations should be selected with an approach that takes in to account the increased recharge and decreased discharge. The rate of groundwater removal should be defined by the long-term balance between recharge and discharge, and the capture rate from discharge must be defined by taking in to account the long-term environmental impacts. With this study, discussions were evaluated and the importance of the groundwater budget was emphasized in sustainable groundwater management