Jeoloji Münendisliği Dergisi
Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi

Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi

2001 HAZİRAN Cilt 25 Sayı 1
COVER
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COPYRİHT PAGE
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CONTENTS
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Comparison of Suitability of Submerged Tunnel and Shield Tunnel for Subsea Passage ofBosphorus
Ömer Aydan
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ABSTRACT: The construction of a sub-sea tunnel at Boğaz (Bosphorus) has been planned as a submerged funnel If thistunnel is constructed as a submerged tunnel it will be the deepest one in the world and it has many teehnologicall challenging problems. Besides environmental concerns, the adverse geotechnical conditions near Sirkeci onthe European side might present severe stability problems under both static and dynamic loading conditions,, Theauthor has presented an overall view of geology, geotechnical and environmental conditions and seismicity of theconstruction area,, Particularly, it is emphasized, out that the liquefaction of ground in the construction site during an earthquake greater than magnitude 6 may be a big concern for the tunnel It is pointed out that thepresently planned submerged tunnel is not suitable in view of its seismic stability, geotechnical conditions, constructional difficulties, environmental problems and disruptions of both national and- international sea traffics,.Furthermore, the suitability of shield tunnelling as an alternative is discussed ana* compared with that of the submerged tunnel If the sub-sea tunnel is constructed along the planned alignment, it will be better to locate the tunnel in ground, which is more resistant against liquefaction. Under such situation, the overburden of tunnel fromsea-bottom will be 2D or greater.. Since it is not possible to construct submerged, tunnels with such overburden,the shield tunnel should be the best option unless the route and the type of construction is changed...

  • Bosphorus

  • shield` tunnel

  • model test

  • shaking table

  • liquefaction

  • submerged tunnel

  • Aydan, O.., 1997, Seismic characteristics of Turkish earthquakes.. Turkish. Earthquake: Foundation, TDV/m:97~G07;), 41 pp.

  • Aydan» Ö., 2000.. GPS ölçümlerine dayanılarak Türkiye`nin, yıllık birini deformasyon ve gerilim hızı dağılımı üzerine bir çalışma. Yerbilimleri 22,21-31.

  • Aydan, Ö., and Kumsar, EL,, 1997. Yeni bir sıvılaşma tahmin yöntemi ve uygulamaları. İzmir ve Çevresinin Jeoteknik Sorunları Sempozyumu, İzmir, Bildiri Özleri Kitabı.

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  • Aydan, G.., Ulusay, R,, Hasgür, Z., and Taşkın, B., 1999., A site investigation, of Kocaeli Earthquake of August 17, 1999. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, 180pp.

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  • Tezcan., S.S.,1999. Comparative study on the 3rd Bosphorus crossing : Submerged `tunnel or suspension bridge. Intnl.. Workshop on Strait Crossing, Oslo, 57-73..

  • Tezcan, S.S. ve Bal,, I.E., 200i. Tüp geçitin. yeri ve sakıncaları.. İnşaat Dünyası, No:213, 10.2-107 veNo:214, 100-106.

  • Ulusay, R.., Aydan, Ö., Kumsar, EL, and Sönmez, H., 2000. Engineering geological characteristics of the 1998 Adana-Ceyhan earthquake with particular emphasis on liquéfaction phenomena and. the role of soil behaviour. Bull.Engineering Geology and the



  • Aydan, Ö . (2001). Istanbul Boğazı Denizaltı Geçişi için Tip Tünel île Kalkan Tünelin Uygunluğunun Karşılaştırılması . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 1-17 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/686393

  • Aydan, Ö . Istanbul Boğazı Denizaltı Geçişi için Tip Tünel île Kalkan Tünelin Uygunluğunun Karşılaştırılması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 1-17

  • Fuzw Logic; Its Attributes, and Application to a Discontinuity Controlled Slope Failure
    Candan Gökçeoğlu Harun Sönmez Murat Ercanoğlu
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    ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with the basic attributes offitzzy logic, its possible application areas in engineeringgeology and a simple slope stability application, Some uncertainties are inherent to many engineering geological applications. In the literature, two types of uncertainty such as ignorance and variability are described, Someapproaches such as fuzzy logic, probability theory etc are used io minimize thest uncertainties. The fuzzy logic,one of these techniques, is an effective tool to define some uncertainties sourced from ignorances and variabilities, Theoretically, fuzzy rules can be constructed based either an expert knowledge or on a sei of observed ormeasured data. One of the most important stage of fuzzy logic approach is the construction of membership functions. The assumption underlying fuzzy logic theory* is that the transition from membership to non-membershipis seldom a step function. Rather, there is a gradual but specifiable change from membership to non-membership. In crisp set theory, a membership Junction (pa(x)) has only Hvo values (0 and I). In this study, some memberhipJunctions defined in the literature were presented with their graphical illustrations. In order to demonstrate thestrength and use of this approach, a conventional deterministic slope stability analysis incorporated with thefuzzy logic was performed and the results were discussed A wedge failure occurred in the andésites was analyzed and the factor of safety was found as 1.24. However, it was concluded that this result did not reflect theactual condition, This was, most probably due to the uncertainties associated with the measurement of the shearstrength parameters,. Also, the stabiliiy index value was determined. According to the stability index, value thestability class of this slope is fair and the slope is prone to slide.. When performing the fuzzy logic approach, thetriangular membership functions were selected,, because, a triangular members hip function can be defined bv amaximum, a minimum and a mode value, In classical geotechnical studies, if there is no statistically significantdatabase, the use of fuzzy logic approach based on competent judgement can be accepted as an .effective way toeliminate uncertainties.. As a consequence, the fuzzy logic is attracting more and more attention in severalresearch fields because it is able to tolerate a wide range of uncertainty.

  • Fuzzy logic

  • deterministic analysis

  • stability index

  • slope instability

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  • Chowdhuty, R.N., 1986. Geomechanics risk model for multiple failures along rock discontinuities., International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Science and Geomechanics Abstracts, 23 (5) 337-346.

  • Chowdhury, R.N.. ve Xu, D.W., 1995. Geotechnical system, reliability of slopes.. Reliability Engineering and System. Safety,, 4`/,, i41-151.

  • Deere,.D.U. ve Miller, R,P,? 1966,. Engineering Classification and Index Properties of Intact Rock... U.S. Air Force Laboratory, Technical Report No.AFNL-TR-65-116, Albuquerque, N.M.

  • Dim.it.ru» V. ve Luban, F.„ 1986,. ön some optimisation problems under uncertainty. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 18, 257-272.,

  • Di Mola, A., Sessa, S., Pedrycz, W., ve Sanchez, E,, 1989., Fuzzy Relation Equations and Their Applications Knowledge Engineering. Klüver Academic Publishers, London, 278s.

  • Dombi, J.,1990. Membership function as an evaluation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems., 35, 1-21.

  • Ercanoğlu, M, 1997. Altındağ (Ankara) yerleşim. bölgesindeki andezitlerde olası şev duraysızlık modellerinin incelenmesi ve duraysızlık haritasının oluşturulması. Yük.. Müh,. Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi,,, Ankara, 83 s., (yayınlanmamış).

  • Gopal, S,;ve Woodcock, C, 1994., Theory and. methods for accuracy assessment of thematic maps using fuzzy sets. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 60 (2), 181-188,

  • Gökçeoğlu, C, 1997,. Killi, yoğun süreksizlik içeren ve .zayıf kaya kütlelerinin mühendislik sınıflamalarında karşılaşılan güçlüklerin giderilmesine yönelik yaklaşımlar. Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 214s.(yayınlanmamış).

  • Gökçeoğlu, C, Sönmez, H. ve Ercanoğlu, M.,, 2000. Discontinuity controlled probabilistic slope failure risk maps of the Altındağ (settlement) region in Turkey.. Engineering Geology, 55, 277-296.

  • Grima, NLA. ve Babuska, R., 1999. Fuzzy model for the prediction of unconfined compressive strength of rock samples.. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,,. 36, 339-349.

  • Grima, M.A. ve Verhoef, N.W., 1997, Forecasting of rock trencher performance using a fozzy logic approach. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 34 (3-4), 707.

  • Hammah, R...E ve Curran, J.H,» 1996, Optimal delineation of joint sets using: a fiizzy clustering algorithm., International Journal of Rock Mechanics, and Mining Science, 35 (4-5), 495- 496,.

  • Heshmaty, B... ve Kandel, A.,, 1985. Fuzzy linear regression and its application to forecasting in uncertain environment Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 15, 159-182.

  • Hoek, E, ve Bray,, X, 1981. Rock Slope Engineering, Inst. Min. Metal., London, 353s.,

  • Hoerger, S.F., ve Young, D..S,, 1987. Predicting loca! rock mass behavior using geostatistics,. In Proceedings of 28th Symposium in Rock Mechanics, Rotterdam, Balkema, 99-106..

  • loang, C.a, Lee,, D.H.. ve Sheu, C, 1992. Mapping slope `failure potential using fuzzy sets., Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,. 118 (3), 475-494.

  • Juang, C.H.., Jhi, Y.Y. ve Lee, D.H., 1998, .Stability analysis of existing slopes considering uncertainly. Engineering Geology, 49,. 111-122,`

  • Kalamaras, G.S., 1.997,, A computer based system for supporting decisions for tunneling in rock under conditions of uncertainty. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and. Mining Science, 34 (3- 4), 588,.,

  • Kaufmann-» A, ve Gupta, MM,, 1988. Fuzzy Mathematical Models In Engineering and Management Science, North-Holland Book Co`,,, Amsterdam, 338s.

  • Krasinska, E. ve Liebhart, A,, 1986. A. note on the precision of linguistic variables for differentiating between some respiratory diseases. Fuzzy Sets and. Systems, 18, 131-142.

  • Lee, CF., Wang, S. ve Huang, Z,, 1999. Evaluation of susceptibility of laminated rock to bendingtoppling `deformation and its application to slope stability study ` for the Longtan Hydropower Project on the Red. Water River, Guangxi, China. Proceedin

  • Leventhal, A.R., Barker, C.S. ve Am.bro.sis, L.P., 1992, Malanjkhve copper project-overview of the geotechnical investigation for optimum mining exploration,. Regional Symposium on Rock Slopes, India, 69-78.

  • Marek, J.M. ve Savely, J.P., 1.978., Probabilistic analysis of plane shear failure mode.. International Proceedings of 19 th US Symposium, on Rock Mechanics, 40-44,

  • Matternicht, G., 1999,. Change detection assessment using fiizzy sets and remotely sensed data: an application of topographic map revision,. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 54,221-233.

  • Miller, S.M., 1983. A statistical method to evaluate homogenity of structural populations. Mathematical Geology, 15(2), 317-328.

  • Moore, D.S., 1.997,, Statistics, Concepts and ` Controversies., W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 526s.

  • Nguyen, V.U., 1985. Some fiizzy set applications in mining geomechanics. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science and Geomechanic Abstracts, 22 (6), 369-379.

  • Sakurai, S. ve Shimizu, N., 1987. Assessment of rock slope stability by fiizzy set theory. ISRM Symposium on Rock Mechanics, A.A. Balkema, 503-506,.

  • Svarovski S.G., 1.987.. Usage of linguistic variable concept for human operator modelling,. Fuzzy Sets and. Systems, 22,107-114.

  • Wang, F., 1990. Improving remote sensing image analysis `through fuzzy information representation. Pbotogrammetric Engineering and Remote ` Sensing.. 56 (8), 1163-1169.

  • Yao, J... ve Farata5 H., 1986,. Probabilistic, treatment of fuzzy events in civil engineering. Journal of Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1(1), 58- 64,.

  • Zadeh, L.A,, 1965. Fuzzy sets., Information and Control,, 8, 338-353.

  • Zadeh, LA., 1971. Quantitative fuzzy semantics. Information of Science, 3, 159-176,.

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  • Zimmerman,, HJ., .1978., Fuzzy programming and linear1 programming with several objective functions,. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1,44-55.



  • Gökçeoğlu, C , Sönmez, H , Ercanoğlu, M . (2001). Bulanık Mantık: Özellikleri ve Süreksizlik Denetimli Bir Şey Duraysızhğına Uygulanması . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 19-32 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/

  • Gökçeoğlu, C , Sönmez, H , Ercanoğlu, M . Bulanık Mantık: Özellikleri ve Süreksizlik Denetimli Bir Şey Duraysızhğına Uygulanması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 19-32

  • Heavy Metals Distribution and Speciation in Sediments from Ziqlab Dam - Jordan
    Abu Kukati
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    ABSTRACT: Thirty surface sediment samples from the Ziqlab Dam area were collected and analyzed for nine: elements (Pb,Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr, and Co). Metal separation was determined by sequential fraction, The fractions are,a) exchangeable, b) carbonate» c) Fe / Mn oxides d) organic, and e) residual. The advantage of using these fractions is to provide the mechanism of association of metals with the minerological phases of the sediments.Concentrations of the elements are within, allowable levels except for1 Pb, Cd. and. Zn and in. some locations Ni.Most of the elements were found to be in the residual fraction which clearly indicates that, these metals are primarily immobile and have or bear the least bioavailability. 

  • Heavy metal

  • Contamination, Dam. Sediments

  • Ziglab Dam

  • Abu-Rukah and Ghreafat: Ion chemistry of the Ziglab Dam and. weathering process, A case study, (in press).

  • Ajay, S.O. and Van Loon, G.W. 1989. Studies on redistribution during the analytical fraction of metals in sediments,. The Science of the Total Envi. 87/88, 171-187..

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  • Mte.kim,E,E.U, Ekwe.re,J.J, Ukpong,E.E 1993. Hea.vy metal distribution in sediments from Calabar river, south eastern Nigeria, Env. GeoL 21:237-241..

  • Peterson, W. Wallmann, K, Li, PX, Schoroeder, f and Kanauth, H. D. 1995. Exchange of trace elemnets at the sediment - water1 interface during early diagenesis processes. Marine and Freshwater Research 46: 19-26.

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  • Y., A . (2001). Ürdüm Ziglab Barajı Sedimanlarinda Ağır Metal Dağılımı ve Türleşmesi . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 33-40 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/686394

  • Y., A . Ürdüm Ziglab Barajı Sedimanlarinda Ağır Metal Dağılımı ve Türleşmesi. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 33-40

  • Classification of The Groundwaters of The Antalya Travertine Plateau by Cluster and Factor Analysis
    Ayten Özlem Atilla Tezcan Alparslan Arikan
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    ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to evaluate the isotopic and chemical composition of the water resources heated inAntalya Travertine Plateau by using cluster and factor analysis.. Major ions (Ca , Mg ., Na , K » Cf» SO4, HCOs+CÖ3~)„ electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO),,, CO2, total dissolved solid (TDS), partial CO2 pressure (PCO2), saturation index (SI) and environmental isotope values of springs and wells have been used to estimate the similarities and disparities between the water sources.,The use of muitivariate statistical analyses., which allows evaluation of a large amount of parameters,, is veryhelpful in Hydrogeologie analysis of complex groundwater systems. DaUon and Upckurch (1978), Williams(1982), Steinhorst and Williams (1985), Usunoffand Guzman (1989), Reeve et.al (1996),, Helena et.al. (2000),and the others have emphasized the potential use of the muitivariate analysis techniques for the hydrochemicaiinterpretations of the groundwater systems.The study area occupies 630 km . The geological structure and the map of the sampling locations are illustrated on Figure 2., The Antalya. Travertine Plateau has a. stepwise morphology. In the upper step, called, as Upper Plateau, there are many springs discharging from the Mesozoic limestone and the travertine,. The most importantof these springs are the outlets of the Kırkgöz Spring zone discharging from Mesozoic karstic limestone (KGI,KGM, KGO, KGK, KGP). The average discharge rate of these outlets is 15 m/s. The significant springs discharging from the Lower Plateau are Düdenbaşı spring (DUD),, Kemerağzı spring (KMÄ), Mağara spring(MGR), Ârapsuyu spring (ÀRP), and Duraiiler-Oku! spring (DUO). The average discharge rate of the Düdenbaşıspring is 17 m/s, whereas the averages of the other springs are between 0.5-2.5 m /s. Another important springis Hurma spring (HRM) discharging from Antalya Nappes. The other sampling points in the study area are Bıyıklı(BIY) and Yağca (YGC) swallow-holes at the Upper Plateau, Varsak (VAR) deline, `Kapuz river (KPN), Meydanwells (ASO) and the Duraliler pumping station (DUP), at the Lower Plateau. The chemical,, physical and isotopedata values of these sampling points are given in Table !.. The cluster and factor analysis of the environmentalisotopic and hydrochemical data provides the classification of the water sources of the Antalya TravertinePlateau in terms of the ionic composition, the saturation levels and the transit time of the waters.The classification of the standardized isotopic and hydrochemical parameters by cluster analysis is given onFigure 3, while the classification of the water sources with these parameters is given on Figure 4. The parameters are grouped in classes representing i) the major ion composition (TDSr EC, Cd - HCOs +CO£~), ii) thedegree of the saturation with respect to carbonate minerals (SI, pH, DO), and Hi) the source and the age of thewater (isotopes, Cl-3 Temp).. Clustering of the water sources results two distinct classes: Upper Plateau groundwaters and Düdenbaşı springs is located in the same class, while all the other Lower Plateau springs are in thesecond class.. The dotinesfed by Kırkgözler Spring and the Kapuzbaşı surface water are out of these classes.Principal factor analysis provided three principal factors for the processes controlling` the ionic and isotopiccomposition. These are the total dissolved solids, the degree of the saturation with respect to carbonate mineralsand the isotopic composition.. These three factors explain the 95% of the total variance of the parameters.. Thecorrelations of the parameters with the factors are given on Figure 5. The classification with respect to factorsindicated that the Kırgözler and Düdenbaşı springs are characterized by high amount of carbonates,, and highdegree of the carbonate saturation,, and higher recharge areas. On the contrary, the Lower Plateau springs arecharacterized by low amount of carbonates, low saturation levels and lower recharge areas.. The principal factor analysis also revealed that the outlets of the Kırkgöz springs have different recharge areas and different transit times

  • Antalya

  • cluster analysis

  • factor analysis

  • hydrogeochemistry

  • isotope

  • Atilla,, Ö.,,, 1996.. Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri Kullanılarak Hidroj eokîmy asal Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi,. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Yüksek Mühendislik Tezi, 145 s.

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  • DSİ, 1985., Antalya Kırkgöz Kaynaklan ve Traverten Platosu Hidrojeolojik Etüd. Raporu. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.

  • Günay, G., Tezcan, L., Ekmekçi, M., Atilla, A. Ö., 1995. Present State and Future Trends of Karst Ground Water Pollution, in Antalya Travertine: Plateau. EC- COST65 Project, National. Report for Turkey, H.Ü-UKAM;-Ankara.

  • Günay, Y,, Bölükbaşı, A.S.,, 1981. Antalya-Elmali- Korkuteli-Bucak Arasındaki Beydağlarının Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları. Teknik. Rapor No: 1566, T.P.A.O Güney Arama Müdürlüğü, Ankau., 71 s. (yayımlanmamış).

  • Günay, Y,, Bölükbaşı, A,.S,., Gözeğer, C, İnançlı, İ., 1979,. Batı Toroslarda Antalya-Isparta-Burdur Arasındaki Alanın Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları, Teknik Rapor No: 1391, T.P.A.O Güney Arama Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 71 s. (yayımlanmamış).

  • Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez,, J.M., and Fernandez,, L., 2000. Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial Aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis, Wat Res. Vol.. 34, No, 3, pp.807-8

  • Laaksoharfu, M., Skaiman,, C, Skarman, E., 1999.. ` Multivariate Mixing: and Mass Balance (M3) calculations, A New Tool for Decoding Hydrogeochemical Information,, Applied Geochemistry 14, pp. 861-871, Pergamon,, Great Britain.,

  • Lawrence, F. W., Upchurch, S. B., 1982., Identification of Recharge Areas Using Geochemical Factor Analysis. Ground Water, Vol. 20, No., 6, p. 680-687,.

  • Nativ,, R., Günay, G., Hötzl, H..„ Reichert,, B.;„ Solomon, D.K., Tezcan, L, 1999..

  • Poisson,, A., 1978. Recherches Géologiques dans les Taurides Occidentales (Turquie).. These de Docteur Es Sciences,, Universite de Paris-Sud., 795 p.

  • Reeve, A, S., Siegel,, D. L, and Glaser, P. H. 1996, GeocEemical controls on peatland pore water from the Hudson. Bay Lowland: Ä multivariate statistical approach. Journal of Hydrology, 181(1-4): 285-304..

  • Ritzi Jr., R.. W., Wright, S, L., Mann, B., Chen, M., 1993. Analysis of Temporal Variability in. Hydrogeochemical Data Used, for Multivariate Analyses.. Grand Water, Vol. 31, No. 2, p. 221- 229..

  • Robertson,, A., H. F., Woodcock, N. H,, 1982, Sedimentary History of the South-Western Segment of the Mesozoic-Tertiary Antalya Continental Margin, South-Westem Turkey, Eclogae geol, Helv.. 75, p. 517-562,

  • Seyhan, E,, Van De Griend, A. A., Engelen, G. B., 1985. Multivariate Analysis and Interpretation of the: Hydrochemistry of a. Dolomitic Reef Aquifer, Northern Italy.. Water Resources Research, Vol. 21, No.7, p. 1010-1024.

  • Steinhorst, R. K., Williams, R. E., 1985. Discrimination, of Groundwater Sources Using Cluster Analysis, MANOVA, Canonical Analysis and Discriminant Analysis., Water Resources Research, Vol. 21, No.. 8, p. 1149- 1156.

  • Şenel, M., 1984. Discussion .on the Antalya Nappes, in Geology of the Taurus Belt Proceedings. Ö. Tekeli and M.C. Göncüoğİu (Eds..), Proceedings of the International Symposium, on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, 1983,, MTA, Ankara, p. 41-52..

  • Truesdell, A.H., Jones, B.F., 1974., WATEQ, a Computer Program, for Calculating: Chemical Equilibria of Natural Waters,. U.S. Geol... Surv, I. Res., 2, p. 233-248,.

  • Usunoff, E. J., Guzman-Guzman, A., 1989. Multivariate Analysis in Hydrochemistry: An Example of the Use of Factor and Correspondence Analyses. Ground Water, Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 27-34.

  • Williams, K, R, 1982. Statistical Identification of Hydraulic Connections Between the Surface of a Mountain and Internal Mineralized. Sources. Ground Water, Vol. 20, No.. 4, p. 466-478,



  • Atilla, A , Arıkan, A . (2001). Antalya lîaverten Platosu Yeraltısulannın Kümeleme ve Faktör Analizi ile Sınıflandırılması . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 41-54 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/686388

  • Atilla, A , Arıkan, A . Antalya lîaverten Platosu Yeraltısulannın Kümeleme ve Faktör Analizi ile Sınıflandırılması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 41-54

  • Quality Evaluation of Fethiye Special Environmental Protection Area Waters
    Mehmet Zeki Çamur Mehmet Lütfi Süzen Sedat Doyuran
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    ABSTRACT: The special environmental protection area,,, covering 266 km area on Umd and 23 km. area- on sea in andaround Fethiye, includes Fethiye., Göcek, İnlice and Kayaköy plains: Surface and graundwaters in the area havebeen investigated and- kydrochemical characteristics of waters were determined using pH, TDK, EC, Na, Kg Ca»Mg, HCOs., CO?, SO4, Cl, NOs ve NH4 parameters in a project supported by the Special Environmental ProtectionAgency of Turkey. These parameters and the quality classes of waters» which were calculated using both irrigation water limits and spring water limits, were evaluated in GIS environment through TNT-MIPS software.Groundwaters in the area are Mg/Ca/Mixed-HCOs type that reflects the chemical interactions betweengroundwaters and litological units., According io spring` water TDS, Cl, N-NO* and SO4 limits, groundwaters arehigh quality or little contaminated, according to irrigation water SAR, %Na, Ci and SO4 limits groundwaters arehigh or good quality` and according to irrigation water EC and Nos limits groundwaters are good or mediumquality,. Two water quality maps were prepared for the area using ail spring water and all irrigation water parameters, separately, assigning` the*,same weight. The quality map of spring water classification suggests that thearea includes quality indexes of 4, 5, and 6 in the range of 4 to 16. The quality map of irrigation water classification suggests that the area includes quality indexes of 7, 8, 9, 1ft and 1.2 in the range of 6 to 30. As a result ofthese applications, it has been concluded that groundwaters in the area are of good quality in terms of the measured parameters.. Koca Göl lake water in on the other hand, is contaminated- by Cl, SO* ve Na ions. Naturalsources of contamination are the sea water that mixes with the lake water and the mineral waters rich in SO* present in vicinity of the lake. Although no pollution has been detected in the groundwaters, there are potential pointcontamination sources in the area.. These are waste disposal sites of the munidpitalities, Eti Holding chromiumprocessing plant, a fertilizer warehouse., and chromium and manganeze mineralizations in the region

  • Environmental Protection Area Fethiye

  • water quality

  • Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği (SKKY),. 1988, Resmi Gazete. Sayı: 1991.9.

  • Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği (SKKY), 1991, Resmi Gazete,, Sayı: 20748.

  • Tarcan, G. 1989, Urla-lçmeler ve çevresinin jeolojik- hidrojeoloj ik incelemesi, sıcak-soğuk suların jeokimyasal yorumlanması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.,



  • Çamur, M , Süzen, L , Doyuran, V . (2001). Fethiye Özel Çevre Koruma Alanı Kara Sularının Kalite Değeriendîrimi* . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 55-64 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/686391

  • Çamur, M , Süzen, L , Doyuran, V . Fethiye Özel Çevre Koruma Alanı Kara Sularının Kalite Değeriendîrimi. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 55-64

  • Locating Young Faults by Means of Remote Sensing: Case of Helendale Fault Zone (S. California)
    Rahmi Aksoy
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    ABSTRACT: Assessment of fault: activity forms an important part of any seismic: safety program,. It begins by locating thetraces of existing faults. Fault breaks can be located `by interpretation of aerial photographs, and on the groundmapping, Remote sensing, when conducted together with existing geological and geophysical data, is a relatively fast and cost-effective method., It contributes, enormously to locating the traces of young-looking fault`breaks. Potentially active `faults can generally be recognized by topographic features or by contrast in vegetationreflecting varying groundwater depth or soil differences across the fault: traces. In this method» it is important torecognize fault-generated morphological elements,. Remote sensing is. an effective technique for evaluating thepotentially active faults.. As an example of the application of remote sensing of young faults, the Helendale faultzone in. the Mojave Desert: of southern. California was. studied in detail to detect the fault related topographic features.

  • Helendale

  • potentially active faults

  • remote sensing

  • topographic features

  • Aksoy, R.,, 1986., Geological and geophysical investigations along the Helendale Fault: Zone in the southern Mojave Desert, California. Unpublished MS-thesis, University of California, Riverside, 86p.

  • Aksoy, R., 1993., The Helendale Fault Zone. Series Progress, in Earthquake Research and Engineering, V.. Andreas (ed.), Vieweg Publishing, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, v.4, p. 17-29.

  • Bull, W.B., 1980., Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojave Desert. U..S. Geological Survey, Preliminary, Semi-annual Technical report, 188p.,

  • California Division of Mines and Geology, 1976. Active fault mapping and evaluation, program. California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 47, 42p..

  • Clark, M.M., 1984,. Map showing recently active breaks along the San Andreas fault and associated faults between Salton Sea and Whitewater River-Mission Creek, California: U. S. GeologicalSurvey Miscellaneous Investigations Map 1-1483, scale 1:24,000

  • Cimamings, B,, 1976., Theory of plasticity applied, to faulting,. Mojave Desert, southern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p.720-724.

  • Dibblee» T..W.:, Jr., .,980. Geologic structure of the Mojave Desert: In, Five, D. L.,, and Brown, A.R., eds., Geology and Mineral Wealth of the California Desert, South Coast Geological Society, Santa Ana, p. 69-100,

  • Garfunkel, Z., 1974. Model for the late Cenozoic tectonic history of the Mojave Desert, California, and. its relation to adjacent regions.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.. 87, p. 1931-1944,

  • Hart,, E.W., 1977.. Fault hazard zones in California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42, 25p..

  • Hewett, D.F,, 1954. A fault map of the Mojave Desert region, R.H. Jahns (ed.), Geology of Southern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 170, p.15-18.

  • Hill, MX., 1954,. Tectonics of faulting in southern California, R.H. Jahns (ed.),, Geology of southern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin, 170, p.5-15.

  • Morton, D.M., Miller, F.K, and Smith, C.C., 1980. Photoreconnaissance maps showing young - looking fault features. In. the southern Mojave Desert, California: U.S.. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1051, 7 sheets.

  • Redhruch-Hall, D.H., 1974,. Map showing recently active breaks along the Hayward fault zone and the southern part: of the Calaveras fault zone, California; U.S.. `Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map 1-813.

  • Sharp, R.,V.., 1972., Map showing recently active breaks along the San Jacinto fault zone between the San Bernardino- area and. Borrego Valley, California: U.S.. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map 1-675,

  • Wesson, R.L., Helley, E.J., Lajoie, K.R., and Wentworth, CM,., 1975.. Faults and future earthquakes, in Boicherdt, R..D. (ed.), Studies for a seismic zonation in the San Francisco Bay region,, U.S.. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 941-A, 5-30.



  • Aksoy, R . (2001). Uzaktan Algdamayla Genç Fayların Tayini: Helendale Fay Zonu Örneği G. California . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 23 (1) , 65-78 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jmd/issue/52399/686396

  • Aksoy, R . Uzaktan Algdamayla Genç Fayların Tayini: Helendale Fay Zonu Örneği G. California. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 23 (2001 ): 65-78

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