ÖZ: Yer altındaki alanların kullanımı insanlar için antik dönemlere uzanan eski bir alışkanlıktır. Atalarımız, mağaraları vahşi hayattan korunmak için barınak olarak kullandılar, ayrıca değerli mineralleri çıkarmak için kazarak yer altı boşlukları oluşturdular. Bu boşlukları kutsal alan, mezar veya depo olarak kullandılar. Bu kullanım amaçlarına ek olarak, savaşlar sırasında saldırı veya surları geçmek amacıyla tüneller inşa ettiler. Daha sonraları, tüneller yerleşim yerlerine su getirmek veya söz konusu alanları selden korumak amacıyla yapıldı. İlk kez ne zaman kullanıldıkları bilinmemekle birlikte, birbirleriyle bağlantılı olarak inşa edilen yer altı yapıları insanlık tarihi boyunca barınma amacıyla da kullanıldı. Sonraki yüzyıllarda, ulaşım sistemlerine duyulan ihtiyaç nedeniyle yeni kazı tekniklerinin kullanıldığı ulaşım ve iletim tünelleri inşa edildi. Bu dönemde, çoğunluğu kaya ortamda yer alan su geçişi tünelleri, demiryolu tünelleri ve karayolu tünelleri yapıldı. İlk kazılar elle yapılmış olup, daha sonra kolay kazmak için ateşin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu tekniği, barut, patlayıcılar ve tünel açma makinaları takip etmiştir. Şu veya bu şekilde, eski uygarlıklar kaya mekaniğinin temel prensiplerini kullanmış ve bu prensipleri yer altı yapılarının inşasında uygulamışlardır. Kaya mekaniğinin prensipleri, tüm bu yapıların olmazsa olmaz unsurudur. Bu derlemede, kaya mekaniğinin tarihçesi kısaca anlatılacak, tarihi ve anıtsal yer altı ve kaya yapılarından örnekler sunulacaktır.
Antik Yer Altı Kaya Yapıları
Kaya Mekaniği Tarihçesi
Kaya Mühendisliği
Kaya Mekaniği Uygulamaları
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Akış, E , Satıcı, Ö . (2017). İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği . Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi , 41 (2) , 155-172 . DOI: 10.24232/jmd.344499
Akış, E , Satıcı, Ö . İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 41 (2017 ): 155-172